Проект Трафимовой Виталины
MARIE SKLODOWSKA-CURIE

Marie Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish physicist and chemist famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. She was the first female professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.

Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława and WładysławSkłodowski. Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born 1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866). Her father WładysławSkłodowski taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys, in addition to lodging boys in the family home. Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she suffered from tuberculosis and died when Maria was twelve.

 At a Warsaw lab, in 1890–91, Skłodowska did her first scientific work.

Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory at Lippman's. Meanwhile she continued studying at the Sorbonne, and in 1894, earned a degree in mathematics. That same year, Pierre Curie entered her life. He was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the Écolesupérieure de physique et de chimieindustrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI). Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels; it was their mutual interest in magnetism that drew Skłodowska and Curie together.

Her departure for the summer to Warsaw only enhanced their mutual feelings for each other. She still was laboring under the illusion that she would be able to return to Poland and work in her chosen field of study. When she was denied a place at Kraków University merely because she was a woman, she returned to Paris. Almost a year later, in July 1895, she and Pierre Curie married, and thereafter the two physicists hardly ever left their laboratory. They shared two hobbies, long bicycle trips and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. Maria had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator upon whom she could depend.

Pierre and Marie Curie in their Paris

In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy, but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Becquerel had, in fact, discovered radioactivity. Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. She used a clever technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had invented the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electrical charge. Using the Curie electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity. Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. She had shown that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules, but must come from the atom itself. In scientific terms, this was the most important single piece of work that she conducted.

In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a paper together, announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honor of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires. On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium" for its intense radioactivity — a word that they coined.

                                     

In 1903 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."

The result of the Curies' work was epoch-making. Radium's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics. On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom. As a result of Rutherford's experiments with alpha radiation, the nuclear atom was first postulated. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked.

Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize and the first person to win two Nobel Prizes.

Pierre, Irène, Marie Curie

Her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, would similarly share a Nobel Prize. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Skłodowska-Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to date to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences.

Their younger daughter, Ève Curie, later wrote a biography of her mother.

She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences.

She was the wife of Pierre Curie, and the mother of Irène Joliot-Curie and Ève Curie

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Vocabulary

Pioneering-инициатор, прокладывать путь

Female-женщина

Entomb-погребать

Merits-заслуга, достоинство

Partition-отделение, разделять

Pursue-следовать

Addition-прибавление, сложение

Lodging-жилище, квартира

Boarding-закрытый

Suffer-страдать, допускать

Tutor-обучать, наставлять

Barely-просто, только

Earning-зарабатывать

Keep-держать, хранить

Meanwhile-тем временем

Investigation-исследование

Properties-свойства

Various-различный

Steel-сталь, стальной

Mutual-взаимный

Drew-рисовать

Departure-отправление, отъезд

Feeling-чувство, ощущение

Denied-отказать

Merely-просто, только

Shared-делить, распределять

Trip-поездка

Journey-путешествие

Collaborator-сотрудник

Depend-полагаться

Salt-остроумие

Emit-испускать, издавать

Resemble-быть похожим

Penetrating-проницательный

External-внешний

Source-источник, исток

Seem-казаться

Anise-анис

Spontaneously-стихийно, произвольно

Possible-возможный, терпеливый

Sample-образец

Device-придумывать, планировать

Measure-мерить

Charge-заряд

Cause-вызывать, заставлять

Conduct-поведение, руководство

Compound-смесь, соединение

Interaction-результат, последствие

Announce-объявлять, извещать

Existence-существование, жизнь

Remain-оставаться

Coin-чеканить

Recognition-узнавание, признание

Extraordinary-необыкновенный

Rend-разрываться

Joint-стык, сустав

Epoch-эпоха

Force-сила, мощь

Therefore-поэтому

Appear-показывать

Attack-наступление, атака

multiple

TROFIMOVA VITALINA 213