Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla (Serbian; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was an inventor, mechanical engineer, and eleсtrical engineer. His work helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.
Early years
—Tesla was born to
Serbian parents in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire near the town of Gospić, in the territory of
modern-day Croatia. Nikola was the fourth of five children, having one older
brother and three sisters.His family moved to Gospić in 1862.Tesla attended school at Higher Real Gymnasium
in Karlovac.[11] He finished a
four-year term in the span of three years.
Nikola Tesla's house (parish hall) in village Smiljan where he was born and the church where his father served (present day Croatia).
Education
—Tesla then studied
electrical engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz (1875). While there,
he studied the uses of alternating current. Some sources say he received
Baccalaureate degrees from the university at Graz. Tesla was later persuaded by
his father to attend the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, which he
attended for the summer term of 1880. Here, he was influenced by Ernst Mach.
However, after his father died, he left the university, having completed only
one term.
France
— In 1882 he moved to
Paris, to work as an engineer for the Continental Edison Company, designing
improvements to electric equipment brought overseas from Edison's ideas.
According to his autobiography, in the same year he conceived the induction
motor and began developing various devices that use rotating magnetic fields
for which he received patents in 1888.
United
States
On 6 June 1884, Tesla first arrived in the United
States, in New York City with little besides a letter
of recommendation from
Charles Batchelor, a
former employer.
In the letter of recommendation to Thomas Edison, Batchelor wrote, "I know
two great men and you are one of them; the other is this young man."
Edison hired Tesla to work for his Edison Machine Works. Tesla's work for
Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to
solving some of the company's most difficult problems. Tesla was
even offered
the task of completely redesigning the Edison company's direct current
generators.
Middle
years
—In 1886, Tesla formed
his own company, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The initial
financial investors disagreed with Tesla on his plan for an alternating current
motor and eventually relieved him of his duties at the company. Tesla worked in
New York as a laborer from 1886 to 1887 to feed himself and raise capital for
his next project. In 1887, he constructed the initial brushless alternating
current induction motor, which he demonstrated to the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers (now IEEE) in 1888. In the same year, he developed the
principles of his Tesla coil, and began working with George Westinghouse at
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.
Westinghouse listened to his ideas for polyphase systems which would allow transmission of alternating
current electricity over long distances.
X-rays
—In April 1887, Tesla
began investigating what would later be called X-rays using his own single
terminal vacuum tubes (similar to his patent #514,170). This device differed
from other early X-ray tubes in that it had no target electrode. The modern
term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung (or braking
radiation). We now know that this device operated by emitting electrons from
the single electrode through a combination of field electron emission and
thermionic emission. Once liberated, electrons are strongly repelled by the
high electric field near the electrode during negative voltage peaks from the
oscillating HV output of the Tesla Coil, generating X rays as they collide with
the glass envelope. He also used Geissler tubes. By 1892, Tesla became aware of the skin damage
that Wilhelm Röntgen later identified as
an effect of X rays.
From
1893 to 1895
From 1893 to 1895, he
investigated high frequency alternating currents. He generated AC of one
million volts using a conical Tesla coil and investigated the skin effect in
conductors, designed tuned circuits, invented a machine for inducing sleep,
cordless gas discharge lamps, and transmitted electromagnetic energy without
wires, building the first radio transmitter. In St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made
a demonstration related to radio communication in 1893. Addressing the Franklin
Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light
Association, he described and demonstrated in detail its principles.
—In 1899, Tesla decided to move and began research in
Colorado Springs, Colorado in a lab located near Foote Ave. and Kiowa St.,
where he would have room for his high-voltage, high-frequency experiments. Upon
his arrival he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy
experiments transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris. Tesla's diary
contains explanations of his experiments concerning the ionosphere and the
ground's telluric currents via transverse waves and longitudinal waves.At his lab, Tesla
proved that the earth was a conductor, and he produced artificial lightning
(with discharges consisting of millions of volts, and up to 135 feet long).
Schumann
resonance
—Tesla researched ways to transmit power and energy
wirelessly over long distances (via transverse waves, to a lesser extent, and,
more readily, longitudinal waves). He transmitted extremely low frequencies
through the ground as well as between the Earth's surface and the
Kennelly–Heaviside layer. He received patents on wireless transceivers that
developed standing waves by this method. In his experiments, he made
mathematical calculations and computations based on his experiments and
discovered that the resonant frequency of the Earth was approximately 8 hertz
(Hz). In the 1950s, researchers confirmed that the resonant frequency of the
Earth's ionospheric cavity was in this
range (later named the Schumann resonance).
Death
—Tesla died of heart
failure alone in room 3327
of the New Yorker Hotel, on 7 January 1943.
Despite
having sold his AC electricity patents,
Tesla died with significant debts.
Later that year the US Supreme Court upheld Tesla's patent number 645576 in a
ruling
that served as the basis for patented radio technology in the United
States.
Nikola Tesla on contemporary 100 Serbian dinar banknote.
Vocabulary:
attended - участие
served - служивший
alternating current - переменный ток
sources - источники
received - полученный
persuaded - убедил
influenced - влияние
designing - проектирование
improvements - улучшение
equipment - оборудование
brought - принёс
overseas - за границей
conceived - задумана
devices - устройства
arrived - прибывший
besides - кроме того
recommendation - рекомендация
employer - работодатель
solving - решение
completely - полностью
redesigning - пересмотр
direct - направлять
current - текущий
disagreed - не согласен
eventually - в конце концов
raise - повышение
constructed - построенный
demonstrated - продемонстрированный
polyphase - многофазный
transmission - передача
X-rays - ренгеновские лучи
target - цель
bremsstrahlung - тормозное излучение
emitting - излучающий
emission - эмиссия
thermionic - термоэлектронный
strongly - сильно
oscillating - колеблющийся
envelope - конверт
frequency - частота
conical - конический
cordless - беспроводной
transmitted - передающийся
high-voltage - высоковольтный
high-frequency - высокочастотный
transmitting - передающий
contains - содержит
transverse - поперечный
wirelessly - беспроводное
distances - расстояние
longitudinal - продольный
frequencies - частоты
layer - слой
failure - провал
Kulikov Alexander
Group № 213
FESTU
2012
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