Проект "Paris" Погорелова Алексея:
Paris
Paris, city
(1999 pop. 2,115,757; metropolitan area est. pop. 11,000,000), N central
France, capital of the country, on the Seine River. It is the commercial and
industrial focus of France and a cultural and intellectual center of
international renown. The city possesses an indefinable unity of atmosphere
that has fascinated writers, poets, and painters for centuries. Paris is
sometimes called the City of Light in tribute to its intellectual preeminence
as well as to its beautiful appearance.
Paris is the center of many major
newspapers and periodicals, as well as all the major French radio and
television stations. Elegant stores and hotels, lavish nightclubs, theaters,
and gourmet restaurants help make tourism the biggest industry in Paris. Other
leading industries manufacture luxury articles, high-fashion clothing, perfume,
and jewelry. Heavy industry, notably automobile manufacture, is located in the
suburbs. About one quarter of the French labor force is concentrated in the
Paris area.
Transportation
Facilities
Situated in
the center of the Paris basin, and only 90 mi (145 km) from the English
Channel, the city handles a great volume of shipping. Orly and Charles de
Gaulle airports (the latter opened in 1974) and many major railroad stations
make Paris one of the great transportation centers of western Europe. The Paris
metro (subway), built in 1900, was modernized and extended during the 1970s.
There are now 16 principal metro lines and a high-speed express subway system
servicing the suburbs. The system's hub, Chatelet Les-Halles, is perhaps the
largest, busiest underground station in the world. Paris is also the hub of the
national rail system, with high-speed trains connecting it to most major
European cities.
Points of
Interest
Paris is
divided into roughly equal sections by the Seine. On the right (northern) bank
are the Bois de Boulogne , Arc de Triomphe, Bibliotheque nationale , Elysee
Palace, Grand Palais, Georges Pompidou
National Center for Art and Culture,
Place de la Concorde , Opera , Comedie Francaise, Louvre , Palais de Chaillot,
Maison Europeenne de la Photographie, Grande Arche de la Defense, Champs
Elysees, and other great streets, sites, and boulevards. In the eastern part of
the right bank is the Museum of the Art and History of Judaism, the Place de la
Bastille and the Bastille Opera; to the north is Montmartre, the highest area
in Paris, topped by the Church of Sacre. Much of the right bank, which has many
of the most fashionable streets and shops, has a stately air. At night many monuments
and boulevards are floodlit. In the city's northeastern outskirts is the Parc
de la Villette, home of the large Cite de la Musique, opened in the early
1990s, and the planned site of a number of performance and exhibition spaces.The
left bank, with the Sorbonne, the French Academy, the Pantheon, the Luxembourg
Palace and Gardens, the Jardin des Plantes (site of the National Natural
History Museum), the Chamber of Deputies, the Quai d'Orsay, and the Hotel des
Invalides, is the governmental and to a large extent the intellectual section.
The Latin Quarter, for nearly a thousand years the preserve of university
students and faculty; the Faubourg Saint-Germain section, at once aristocratic
and a haven for students and artists (the celebrated Cafe des Deux Magots and
Cafe de Flore are there); and Montparnasse are the most celebrated left-bank
districts. The Eiffel Tower stands by the Seine on the Champ-de-Mars.
The
historical nucleus of Paris is the Ile de la Cite, a small boat-shaped island
largely occupied by the huge Palais de Justice and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame
de Paris. It is connected with the smaller Ile Saint-Louis, occupied by elegant
houses of the 17th and 18th cent. Characteristic of Paris are the tree-lined
quays along the Seine (famed, on the left bank, for their open-air bookstalls),
the historic bridges that span the Seine, and the vast tree-lined boulevards
that replaced the city walls. Skyscrapers, apartment complexes, and highways
have been added to the Paris scene in recent years.
Government and People
Paris is
divided into 20 arrondissements (districts or boroughs), each of which has a
local council and a mayor, but most of the power is held by the mayor of the
City of Paris who is chosen by the city's council. Paris and its suburbs together
make up the eight departments of the Ile-de-France administrative region, which
is governed by an elected assembly, chairman, and supervisor and overseen by a
prefect appointed by the state.
Immigrants
to France now constitute nearly 20% of Paris's population. The majority of
these are Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian. Large groups of Indochinese have
also immigrated to Paris. About 75% of all Parisians live in the suburbs due to
high costs and a high population density in the city. New towns have been
built, consolidating suburban areas, and a great deal of manufacturing and
other industry takes place in the suburbs.
History
Early
History
Julius
Caesar conquered Paris in 52 BC It was then a fishing village, called Lutetia
Parisiorum (the Parisii were a Gallic tribe), on the Ile de la Cite. Under the
Romans the town spread to the left bank and acquired considerable importance
under the later emperors. The vast catacombs under Montparnasse and the baths
(now in the Cluny Mus.) remain from the Roman period. Legend says that St.
Denis , first bishop of Paris, was martyred on Montmartre (hence the name) and
that in the 5th cent. St. Genevieve, the patron saint of Paris, preserved the
city from destruction by the Huns. On several occasions in its early history
Paris was threatened by barbarian and Norman invasions, which at times drove
the inhabitants back to the Ile de la Cite.
Clovis I
and several other Merovingian kings made Paris their capital; under Charlemagne
it became a center of learning. In 987, Hugh Capet, count of Paris, became king
of France. The Capetians firmly established Paris as the French capital. The
city grew as the power of the French kings increased. In the 11th cent. the
city spread to the right bank. During the next two centuries—the reign of
Philip Augustus (1180-1223) is especially notable for the growth of
Paris—streets were paved and the city walls enlarged; the first Louvre (a
fortress) and several churches, including Notre-Dame, were constructed or
begun; and the schools on the left bank were organized into the Univ. of Paris.
One of them, the Sorbonne, became a fountainhead of theological learning with
Albertus Magnus and St. Thomas Aquinas among its scholars. The university
community constituted an autonomous borough; another was formed on the right
bank by merchants ruled by their own provost. In 1358, under the leadership of
the merchant provost Etienne Marcel, Paris first assumed the role of an
independent commune and rebelled against the dauphin (later Charles V). During
the period of the Hundred Years War the city suffered civil strife, occupation by
the English (1419-36), famine, and the Black Death.
During the
Renaissance
The
Renaissance reached Paris in the 16th cent. during the reign of Francis I
(1515-47). At this time the Louvre was transformed from a fortress to a
Renaissance palace. In the Wars of Religion (1562-98), Parisian Catholics, who
were in the great majority, took part in the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day
(1572), forced Henry III to leave the city on the Day of Barricades (1588), and
accepted Henry IV only after his conversion (1593) to Catholicism. Cardinal
Richelieu, Louis XIII's minister, established the French Academy and built the
Palais Royal and the Luxembourg Palace. During the Fronde , Paris once again
defied the royal authority. Louis XIV, distrustful of the Parisians,
transferred (1682) his court to Versailles. Parisian industries profited from
the lavishness of Versailles; the specialization in luxury goods dates from
that time. J. H. Mansart under Louis XIV and Francois Mansart, J. G. Soufflot,
and J. A. Gabriel under Louis XV created some of the most majestic prospects of
modern Paris.
The Seventeenth
and Eighteenth Centuries
During the
late 17th and the 18th cent. Paris acquired further glory as the scene of many
of France's greatest cultural achievements: the plays of Moliere, Racine, and
Corneille; the music of Lully, Rameau, and Gluck; the paintings of Watteau,
Fragonard, and Boucher; and the salons where many of the philosophes of the Enlightenment
gathered. At the same time, growing industries had resulted in the creation of
new classes—the bourgeoisie and proletariat—concentrated in such suburbs
(faubourgs) as Saint-Antoine and Saint-Denis; in the opening events of the
French Revolution, city mobs stormed the Bastille (July, 1789) and hauled the
royal family from Versailles to Paris (Oct., 1789). Throughout the turbulent
period of the Revolution the city played a central role.
Napoleon to
the Commune
Napoleon (emperor, 1804-15) began a
large construction program (including the building of the Arc de Triomphe, the
Vendome Column, and the arcaded Rue de Rivoli) and enriched the city's museums
with artworks removed from conquered cities. In the course of his downfall
Paris was occupied twice by enemy armies (1814, 1815). In the first half of the
19th cent. Paris grew rapidly. In 1801 it had 547,000 people; in 1817, 714,000;
in 1841, 935,000; and in 1861, 1,696,000. The revolutions of July, 1830, and
Feb., 1848, both essentially Parisian events, had repercussions throughout
Europe. Culturally, the city was at various times the home or host of most of
the great European figures of the age. Balzac, Hugo, Chopin, Berlioz, Liszt,
Wagner, Delacroix, Ingres, and Daumier were a few of the outstanding personalities.
The grand outline of modern Paris was the work of Baron Georges Haussmann , who
was appointed prefect by Napoleon III. The great avenues, boulevards, and parks
are his work. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), Paris was besieged for
four months by the Germans and then surrendered. After the Germans withdrew,
Parisian workers rebelled against the French government and established the
Commune of Paris, which was bloodily suppressed.
Under the
Third Republic
With the
establishment of the Third French Republic and relative stability, Paris became
the great industrial and transportation center it is today. Two epochal events
in modern cultural history that took place in Paris were the first exhibition
of impressionist painting (1874) and the premiere of Stravinsky's Sacre du
Printemps (1913). In World War I the Germans failed to reach Paris. After 1919
the outermost city fortifications were replaced by housing developments,
including the Cite Universitaire, which houses thousands of students. During
the 1920s, Paris was home to many disillusioned artists and writers from the
United States and elsewhere. German troops occupied Paris during World War II
from June 14, 1940, to Aug. 25, 1944. The city was
not seriously damaged by the war.
Contemporary
Paris
Paris was
the headquarters of NATO from 1950 to 1967; it is the headquarters of UNESCO. A
program of cleaning the city's major buildings and monuments was completed in
the 1960s. The city was the scene in May, 1968, of serious disorders, beginning
with a student strike, that nearly toppled the Fifth Republic. In 1971, Les
Halles, Paris's famous central market, called by Zola the "belly" of
Paris, was dismantled. Construction began immediately on Chatelet Les-Halles,
Paris's new metro hub, which was completed in 1977. The Forum des Halles, a
partially underground, multistory commercial and shopping center, opened in
1979. Other developments include the Georges Pompidou National Center for Art
and Culture, built in 1977, which includes the National Museum of Modern Art.
The Louvre underwent extensive renovation, and EuroDisney, a multibillion
dollar theme and amusement park, opened in the Parisian suburbs in 1992. A
number of major projects in the city were initiated by President Francois
Mitterrand (1981-95); they include the new Bibliotheque Nationale, the glass
pyramid at the Louvre, Grande Arche de la Defense, Arab Institute, Bastille
Opera, and Cite de la Musique.
Vocabulary:
Renown- известность, популярность, слава
Possesses- владеть, иметь, обладать, располагать
Indefinable- неопределимый, неописуемый, не поддающийся
определению, объяснению
Unity- единство; единение; сплочённость
Preeminence- высота; возвышенность
Appearance- появление
Luxury- богатство, пышность, роскошь
Jewelry- драгоценности; ювелирные изделия
Heavy- тяжёлый, тяжеловесный
Railroad- перевозить или отправлять что-л. по железной дороге
Principal- глава, начальник; патрон
Suburbs- окраина, пригород
Boulevards бульвар
Floodlit- прожекторное освещение
Extent- пространство, протяжение, расстояние,
протяженность; объём
Preserve- варенье,
джем, конфитюр
Density- густота; плотность; концентрация
Occasions- возможность, случай, шанс
Acquired- благоприобретённый
Enriched- разбогатевший обогащённый, наделённый, одарённый
Establishment- создание, образование, учреждение
Stability- устойчивость
Epochal- значительный, эпохальный; открывающий новую
эру
Outermost- самый дальний от середины, от центра; крайний
Fortifications- укрепления
Headquarters- штаб-квартира, головной офис, главное
управление
Disorders- беспорядки, волнения
Immediately- прямо, непосредственно
Partially- немного, отчасти, частично, частью
Multistory- многоэтажный
Underwent- испытывать, переносить
Extensive- пространственный, обладающий протяжённостью, громадный, большой
Renovation- восстановление; реконструкция
Project
Efimenko Catherine London
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