Проект "Stockholm": Куликов Александр

Stockholm

Morning view from the harbour of Skeppsbron, the eastern waterfront of Gamla stan.

 Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 864,324 in the municipality, 1.4 million in the urban area. As of 2010, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population.

 Founded no later than c. 1250,  possibly as early as 1187, Stockholm  has long been one of Sweden's cultural, media, political, and economic centres. Its strategic location on 14 islands on the south-central east coast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago. Stockholm is known for its beauty, its buildings and architecture, its abundant clean and open water, and its many parks It is sometimes referred to as Venice of the North. Stockholm is the site of the national Swedish government, the Parliament of Sweden , the Supreme Court of Sweden , and the official residence of the Swedish monarch as well as the prime minister.

History of Stockholm

Panorama over Stockholm around 1868 as seen from a hot air balloon.

The earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252.The city is said to have been founded by Birger Jarl to protect Sweden from a sea invasion by foreign navies and to stop the pillage of towns such as Sigtuna on Lake Mälaren.
Stockholm's core of the present Old Town (Gamla Stan) was built on the central island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid-13th century onward.
The 17th century saw Sweden grow into a major European power, reflected in the development of the city of Stockholm. From 1610 to 1680 the population multiplied sixfold. In 1634 Stockholm became the official capital of the Swedish empire. Trading rules were also created that gave Stockholm an essential monopoly over trade between foreign merchants and other Swedish and Scandinavian territories.
In 1710 a plague killed about 20,000 (36 percent) of the population.After the end of the Great Northern War the city stagnated. Population growth halted and economic growth slowed. The city was in shock after having lost its place as the capital of a Great Power. However Stockholm maintained its role as the political centre of Sweden and continued to develop culturally under Gustav III.
By the second half of the 19th century, Stockholm had regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged and Stockholm was transformed into an important trade and service centre as well as a key gateway point within Sweden. The population also grew dramatically during this time, mainly through immigration. At the end of the 19th century, less than 40% of the residents were Stockholm-born. Settlement began to expand outside the city limits.
Stockholm became a modern, technologically advanced, and ethnically diverse city in the latter half of the 20th century. Many historical buildings were torn down during the modernist era, including substantial parts of the historical district of Klara, and replaced with modern architecture.

Aerial view of western Stockholm and Lake Mälaren.

 Geography of Stockholm

The City of Stockholm is situated on fourteen islands and on the banks to the archipelago where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea. The city centre is virtually situated on the water.

Climate

Despite its northern location, Stockholm has relatively mild weather compared to other locations at similar latitude, or even farther south.
Summers average daytime high temperatures of 20–22 °C . Winters are sometimes snowy with average temperatures ranging from -5 to 1 °C.

Skyline of Stockholm Palace

Culture

Apart from being Sweden's capital, Stockholm houses many national cultural institutions. There are two UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Stockholm area: The Royal Palace Drottningholm (within Ekerö Municipality) and the Skogskyrkogården (The Woodland Cemetery).

Architecture in Stockholm

Stockholm City Hall.

Stockholm City Hall  is the building of the Municipal Council for the City of Stockholm in Sweden. It stands on the eastern tip of Kungsholmen island, next to Riddarfjärden's northern shore and facing the islands of Riddarholmen and Södermalm. It houses offices and conference rooms as well as ceremonial halls, and the luxury restaurant Stadshuskällaren. It is the venue of the Nobel Prize banquet and one of Stockholm's major tourist attractions.
Stadshuset is considered one of Sweden's foremost examples of national romanticism in architecture. The unique site, overlooking Riddarfjärden, inspired a central motif of the construction, namely the juxtaposition of city architecture and water that also represents a central feature of Stockholm's cityscape as a whole. The architectural style is one of refined eclecticism, blending massive, austere, North European brick construction and playful elements reminiscent of oriental and venetian architecture, such as turrets adorned with golden starlets, decorated balconies, wooden masts, and statues.

Stortorget
Stortorget  is a small public square in Gamla Stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. It is the oldest square in Stockholm, the historical centre around which the medieval urban conglomeration gradually came into being.[1] Today, the square is frequented by tens of thousands of tourists annually, and is occasionally the scene for demonstrations and performances. It is traditionally renowned for its annual Christmas market offering traditional handicrafts and food.

Shopping street, Drottninggatan

Drottninggatan (Queen Street) is a major pedestrian street in Stockholm, Sweden.The major part of the street is car-free and lined-up with numerous stores and shops, one of the largest being the Åhléns City department store. During summer, the street is often crowded with tourists.

Sergels torg viewed from Malmskillnadsgatan with Kulturhuset and Stockholm City Theatre (to the left) at night.

Center of Stockholm with a bird's-eye view

 Prästgatan, one of the old thoroughfares of Gamla stan.

Art galleries

Stockholm has a vibrant art scene with a number of internationally recognized art centres and commercial galleries. Amongst others privately sponsored initiatives such as Bonniers Konsthall, Magasin 3, and state supported institutions such as Tensta Konsthall and Index all show leading international and national artists. In the last few years a gallery district has emerged around Hudiksvallsgatan where leading galleries such as Andréhn-Schiptjenko, Brändström & Stene have located. Other important commercial galleries include Nordenhake, Milliken Gallery and Galleri Magnus Karlsson.

                                                            Theatres                                              Distinguished among Stockholm's many theatres are the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern), one of Europe's most renowned theatres, and the Royal Swedish Opera, inaugurated in 1773.Other notable theatres are the Stockholm City Theatre (Stockholms stadsteater), the Peoples Opera (Folkoperan), the Modern Theatre of Dance (Moderna dansteatern), the China Theatre, the Göta Lejon Theatre, the Mosebacke Theatre, and the Oscar Theatre.



Sergels torg
Sergels torg  is the most central public square in Stockholm, Sweden, named after 18th century sculptor Johan Tobias Sergel, whose workshop was once located north of the square.

Before the creation of Sergels torg, Brunkebergstorg was the most important public space in the area, the hub about which traffic revolved, the place where people would go to work and to find entertainment.

Night view of the obelisk and Kulturhuset.

Ericsson Globe

The Ericsson Globe (originally known as the Stockholm Globe Arena, or in Swedish nicknamed Globen, ’The Globe’) is the national indoor arena of Sweden, located in the Johanneshov district of Stockholm (Stockholm Globe City). The Ericsson Globe is currently the largest hemispherical building in the world and took two and a half years to build. Shaped like a large white ball, it has a diameter of 110 metres (361 feet) and an inner height of 85 metres (279 feet). The volume of the building is 605,000 cubic metres (21,188,800 cubic feet). It has seating capacity of 16,000 spectators for shows and concerts, and 13,850 for ice hockey.

Southern Södermalm and Johanneshov

Gamla stan

Gamla stan (The Old Town), until 1980 officially Staden mellan broarna (The Town between the Bridges), is the old town of Stockholm, Sweden. Gamla stan consists primarily of the island Stadsholmen. The surrounding islets Riddarholmen, Helgeandsholmen, and Strömsborg are officially part of, but not colloquially included in, Gamla stan.

Mårten Trotzigs Gränd, less than a metre wide, the narrowest alley in the city.

Vocabulary:

possibly  - возможно

coast - побережье
abundant  - обильный
referred - называют
mention  - упоминать
invasion - вторжение
pillage - грабёж
onward - далее
major - основной
reflected - отражение
multiplied - умноженный
essential - существенный
stagnated - застой
growth  - рост
halted - остановить
slowed - замедлился
shock - шок
regained  - восстановили
emerged - появившийся
key - ключ
gateway  - шлюз
residents - жители
expand  - расширять
advanced - передовой
ethnically - этнический
diverse - разнообразный
replaced - заменить
compared - сравненный
similar - аналогичный
latitude - широта
average  - средний
vibrant  - яркие
scene - сцена
recognized - признанный
amongst - среди
privately - в частном порядке
sponsored - спонсор
district - район
emerged - появившийся
currently - в настоящее время
inner - внутренний
height - высота
volume - объём
consists primarily - состоит в основном
surrounding - окружающий
islets - остовки
colloquially - разговорно
less - меньше
wide - широкий
narrowest - узкая
shore - берег
luxury  - роскошь
medieval - средневековый
urban  - городской
conglomeration  - нагромождение
gradually  - постепенно
frequented  - часто
renowned - знаменитый
handicrafts - ремёсла
pedestrian - пешеход
juxtaposition - сопоставление
reminiscent - напоминающий