TROFIMOVA VITALINA 213

 Sydney the state capital of New South

Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is classified as an Alpha+ World City indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.

Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population. The site of the first British  colony in Australia, Sydney was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, commodore of the First Fleet as a penal colony.The city is built on hills surrounding Port Jackson which is commonly known as Sydney Harbour, where the iconic Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge feature prominently. The hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous Bondi Beach and Manly Beach. Within the city are many notable parks, including Hyde Park and the Royal Botanic Gardens. Sydney ranks among the top global cities in the world. In 2010, Sydney was ranked 7th in Asia and 28th globally for economic innovation in the Innovation Cities Top 100 Index by innovation agency 2thinknow.Sydney also ranks among the top 10 most liveable cities in the world according to Nercer Human Resource Consulting, The Economist and Monocle is considered among the top fashion capitals in the world.It was also ranked in the top 10 global university cities according to RMIT University-which limited its selection to cities already ranked in the "top 100 most liveable cities".It has hosted major international sporting events, including the 1938 British Empire Games and the2000 Summer Olympics. The main airport serving Sydney is Sydney Airportand the main port in the city is Sydney Harbour.

Sydney's urban area is in a coastal basin, which is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Blue Mountains to the west, the Hawkesbury River to the north and the Royal National Park to the south. It lies on a submergent coastline, where the ocean level has risen to flood deep river valleys carved in the Hawkesbury sandstone. Port Jackson, better known as Sydney Harbour, is one such ria.The Sydney area is not affected by significant earthquakes. The urban area has around 70 harbour and ocean beaches, including the famous Bondi Beach. Sydney's urban area covers 1,687 km² (651 sq mi) as of 2001.The Sydney Statistical Division, used for census data, is the unofficial metropolitan area and covers 12,145 km² (4,689 sq mile) This area includes the Central Coast, the Blue Mountains, and national parks and other unurbanised land.

Geographically, Sydney lies over two regions: the Cumberland Plain, a relatively flat region lying to the south and west of the harbour, and the Hornsby Plateau, a sandstone plateau lying mainly to the north of the harbour and dissected by steep valleys. The parts of the city with the oldest European development are located in the flat areas south of the harbour. The North Shore was slower to develop because of its hilly topography and lack of access across the harbour. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened in 1932 and linked the North Shore to the rest of the city.

Sydney has a temperate climate with warm summers and mild winters. Rainfall is spread throughout the year.The weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. The warmest month is January, with an average air temperature range at Observatory Hill of 18.6–25.8 °C (65–78 °F). An average of 14.6 days a year have temperatures of more than 30 °C (86.0 °F).

Sydney is well-endowed with open spaces and access to waterways, and has many natural areas, even in the city centre. Within the CBD are the Chinese Garden of Friendship, Sydney Park, Hyde Park, The Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens. The metropolitan area contains several national parks, including the Royal National Park, the second oldest national park in the world, and several parks in Sydney's far west which are part of the World Heritage listed Greater Blue Mountains Area.

 The Domain was established by Governor Arthur Phillip, just six months after the arrival of the first fleet. Originally established as being exclusive to Governors, it was opened to the public in the 1830s. Hyde Park was dedicated on 13 October 1810 by Governor Macquarie for the "recreation and amusement of the inhabitants of the town and a field of exercises for the troops". To celebrate the first 100 years of European settlement, Central Park was dedicated by Sir Henry Parkes in January 1888. Similarly, Bicentennial Park was opened on 1 January 1988 to commemorate 200 years since European settlement. 1988's Bicentennial celebrations also saw the opening of the Chinese Garden of Friendship, designed by the City of Sydney’s Chinese sister city Guangzhou

      Royal National Park

                                             Hyde Park

                                   

Architecture

                                      
Vocabulary

Indicate-указывать, обозначать

Approximate-приблизительный

Inhabitant-житель, обитатель

Comprise-включать, заключать в себе

Site-местоположение, место

Fleet-флот, быстрый, мелкий

Penal-уголовный, наказуемый

Surrounding-окрестность, среда

Commonly-обыкновенно

Iconic- Культовый

Prominently-заметно

Hinterland- внутренние районы

Ranks-разряды

Liveable-приемлемый

Coastal-прибрежный

Basin-бассейн

Lies-находится

Submergent-

Risen-повышенный

Flood-наводнения

Valleys- долины

Carved-вырезанный

Sandstone-песчаник

Earthquakes-землетрясения

Harbor-гавань

Covers-покрытия

Division-разделение

Census-перепись

Unofficial-неофициальный

Plateau-плато

Dissected-анализируемый

Steep-крутой

Slower-медленнее

Hilly-холмистый

Access-доступ

Warm-теплый

Mild-умеренный

Rainfall-ливень

Spread-распространение

Moderated-смягченный

Inland-внутри страны

Warmest- самый теплый

Average- среднее число

Range-диапазон

Governor Macquarie-губернатор Маккуэри

Recreation-отдых

Amusement-развлечение

Inhabitants-жители

Troops-войска

Commemorate- ознаменовывают

Dedicated-посвященный

TROFIMOVA VITALINA 213