Проект Дубровского Михаила.

Ernest RUTHERFORD

Rutherford was born in a small New Zealand town of Spring Grove (Spring Grove) near the town of Nelson. His father - James Rutherford, mother - Martha Thompson. Ernest was the fourth child in a family of twelve children. Successfully graduated from college in Nelson, received 580 points out of possible 600 and the prize of £ 50 to continue his studies at Canterbury College in Christchurch.

His master's work, written in 1892, concerned the detection of high-frequency radio waves, whose existence was proved in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz. In 1895, after receiving his bachelor of science and two years of advanced research in the field of electricity, Rutherford traveled to England for further study at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University (1895-1898).

He opened the alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon (several of them, he opened the radon before a German chemist) and a set of isotopes. Explained on the basis of the properties of radon radioactivity of thorium, discovered and explained the transformation of a radioactive chemical elements that created the theory of radioactive decay, split the atom of nitrogen, discovered the proton. Showed that the alpha particle - a helium nucleus. By putting the experience on the scattering of alpha particles on a metal foil, and led the Rutherford formula. Based on its analysis, concluded that the existence of a massive nucleus of an atom. He created the planetary theory of atomic structure. On it, the atom consists of a nucleus in the center and electrons orbiting around the nucleus. First discovered the formation of new chemical elements in the decay of heavy radioactive chemical elements. 30% said charge-to-electron mass. Geiger helped develop a Geiger counter. Wrote and published three volumes of his works. All of its pilot.

Conducted research on radioactivity, discovered alpha-, beta-and gamma-rays. The first recognized in 1911 the nuclear structure of the atom. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 "for his research in the field of decay of elements in the chemistry of radioactive substances", received the title of knight in 1914, Baron in 1931.

Rutherford spent the first reaction is to transform one element into another. In 1919, acting on alpha-particles, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen are obtained. As a result of subsequent research, he proved that the nucleus of any atom is composed of hydrogen nuclei.

At the suggestion of Rutherford, in 1910 hydrogen nuclei called protons. He also suggested the existence of uncharged particles (neutrons) in nuclei. In 1934, using "heavy water", Rutherford and his staff, acting on the neutron-deuterium, tritium received. It was the first nuclear fusion reaction.

In 1919 he was director of the Cavendish Laboratory, managed the development of particle accelerator, was professor of natural philosophy of the Royal Institute in 1921.

Students nicknamed Crocodile Rutherford.

In 1931, the "Crocodile" procured 15,000 pounds sterling for the construction of buildings and equipment of a special laboratory for Kapitza. In February, 1933 in Cambridge, the grand opening of the laboratory. On the front wall 2 - storey building was carved on the stone is huge, covering the entire wall crocodile. He was commissioned by the Kapitza made ​​famous sculptor Eric Gill. Rutherford, he explained that this is it. Opened the front door key in the form of gilded crocodile.

Rutherford, who discovered the atomic nucleus, negative comments about the prospects for nuclear energy: "Anyone who hopes that the conversion of atomic nuclei will be a source of energy, professes nonsense"

When Peter Kapitza in Cambridge came to work for Rutherford, he told him that the state lab is staffed. Then Kapitza asked

- What you allow a margin of error in experiments?

  - Usually about 3%

  - How many people work in the lab?                                                                                                                                - Then a man is about 3% of 30

  Rutherford laughed and took Kapitza as a "permissible error."

Great-grandson of Ernest Rutherford - Michael Rutherford - known for its participation in the prog-rock band Genesis and his band Mike & the Mechanics.                                                                                    

Opening of Rutherford led to a new branch of science: the study of the atomic nucleus. In this area, Rutherford, too, was destined to become a pioneer. In 1919 he succeeded in the transformation of nitrogen in the oxygen nucleus, firing the first fast-moving alpha particles. It was an achievement of the ancient alchemists dreamed.

 It soon became clear that the nuclear transformation can be a source of solar energy. Moreover, the transformation of atomic nuclei is a key process in the atomic weapons and nuclear power plants. Consequently, the discovery of Rutherford is much more interesting than just academic.

 Rutherford's face continually struck by all who met him. He was a stocky man with a loud voice, boundless energy and a noticeable lack of modesty. When a colleague mentioned Rutherford's uncanny ability to always be "on the crest of a wave" of research, he immediately replied: "Why not? 'It was I who caused a wave, is not it?" Few scientists would argue against this assertion.

 Ernest Rutherford is considered the largest experimental physicists of the twentieth century. It is the central figure in our knowledge in the field of radioactivity, and the man who laid the foundation of nuclear physics. In addition to his great theoretical significance of his discoveries were a wide range of applications, including: nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, radioactive calculus and the study of radiation. The influence of the works of Rutherford on the world is enormous. It continues to grow and seems to have increased in the future. In 1908 the scientist awarded the Nobel Prize for studies of various types of radioactivity.

 Students and colleagues reminisced about the scientist as a nice, kind man. They admired his extraordinary creative way of thinking, remembering, as he enjoys speaking before the start of each new study, "I hope that this important topic, because there are so many things that we do not know."

Worried about the policy pursued by the Nazi government of Adolf Hitler, Rutherford in 1933 became president of the Academic Board of care, which was created to assist those who fled from Germany.

Almost until the end of his life he was noted for good health and died in Cambridge, October 20, 1937 after a brief illness. In recognition of outstanding achievements in science scholar was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Словарь

Concerned                                                     обеспокоенный

Receiving                                                       получение

Showed                                                          Показан

Putting                                                           положить

Scattering                                                      рассеяние

Particles                                                         частиц

Concluded                                                      вывод

Existence                                                        существование

Nucleus                                                           ядро

Decay                                                              распад

Heavy                                                             тяжелый

Subsequent                                                  последующий

Explained                                                      объяснены

Achievements                                              достижения

Outstanding                                                               выдающийся 

Проект Киргинцева Евгения:

MICHAEL FARADAY

                                                                                                                     

(22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867)

Was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

Although Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher mathematics such as calculus, he was one of the most influential scientists in history; historians of science refer to him as having been the best experimentalist in the history of science

HIS EARLY YEARS

Faraday was born in the family of a blacksmith. He had an elder brother Robert who supported Michael in his interests in sciences. The young Michael Faraday, who was the third of four children, having only the most basic school education, had to  educate himself. He read many books, including Isaac Watts' The Improvement of the Mind, and developed an interest in science, especially in electricity. Faraday was particularly inspired by the book Conversations on Chemistry by Jane Marcet.

       

In 1812, at the age of twenty, and at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the eminent English chemist Humphry Davy of the Royal Institution. Faraday subsequently sent Davy a three hundred page book based on notes that he had taken during these lectures. Sir Humphry Davy  appointed Faraday as Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on 1 March 1813. Faraday's earliest chemical work was as an assistant to Davy.

  

Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.

                                               

Scientific achievements

Faraday was the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life. 

Faraday is best known for his work regarding electricity and magnetism. One of Faraday's 1831 experiments demonstrating induction. The liquid battery  sends an electric current through the small coil . When it is moved in or out of the large coil , its magnetic field induces a momentary voltage in the coil, which is detected by the galvanometer ..

 Faraday established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology.

Later life

   

As a respected scientist in a nation with strong maritime interests, Faraday spent extensive amounts of time on projects such as the construction and operation of light houses and protecting the bottoms of ships from corrosion.

   In June 1832, the University of Oxford granted Faraday a Doctor of Civil Law degree (honorary). During his lifetime, Faraday rejected a knighthood and twice refused to become President of the Royal Society

Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court in 1867 aged 75 years.

A statue of Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside the Institution of Engineering and Technology. 

                  

Literature:

1.   «English topics», Kisunko E.I., 2006

2.   «Britain and Britains» Solovyeva, 2000

3.   http://ru.wikipedia.org

                         vocabulary:

fields                                                                                       поля

calculus                                                                                 исчесление

influential                                                                            влиятельный

electric                                                                                  электрический

statue                                                                                     статуя

construction                                                                          конструированный

education                                                                              образование