Ernest RUTHERFORD
His
master's work, written in 1892, concerned the detection of high-frequency radio
waves, whose existence was proved in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz.
In 1895, after receiving his bachelor of science and two years of advanced
research in the field of electricity, Rutherford traveled to England for
further study at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University (1895-1898).
He opened
the alpha and beta radiation, the short-lived isotope of radon (several of
them, he opened the radon before a German chemist) and a set of isotopes.
Explained on the basis of the properties of radon radioactivity of thorium,
discovered and explained the transformation of a radioactive chemical elements
that created the theory of radioactive decay, split the atom of nitrogen,
discovered the proton. Showed that the alpha particle - a helium nucleus. By
putting the experience on the scattering of alpha particles on a metal foil,
and led the Rutherford formula. Based on its analysis, concluded that the
existence of a massive nucleus of an atom. He created the planetary theory of
atomic structure. On it, the atom consists of a nucleus in the center and
electrons orbiting around the nucleus. First discovered the formation of new
chemical elements in the decay of heavy radioactive chemical elements. 30% said
charge-to-electron mass. Geiger helped develop a Geiger counter. Wrote and
published three volumes of his works. All of its pilot.
Conducted
research on radioactivity, discovered alpha-, beta-and gamma-rays. The first
recognized in 1911 the nuclear structure of the atom. The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 1908 "for his research in the field of decay of elements in the
chemistry of radioactive substances", received the title of knight in
1914, Baron in 1931.
Rutherford
spent the first reaction is to transform one element into another. In 1919,
acting on alpha-particles, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen are obtained. As a
result of subsequent research, he proved that the nucleus of any atom is
composed of hydrogen nuclei.
At the
suggestion of Rutherford, in 1910 hydrogen nuclei called protons. He also
suggested the existence of uncharged particles (neutrons) in nuclei. In 1934,
using "heavy water", Rutherford and his staff, acting on the
neutron-deuterium, tritium received. It was the first nuclear fusion reaction.
In 1919 he
was director of the Cavendish Laboratory, managed the development of particle
accelerator, was professor of natural philosophy of the Royal Institute in
1921.
Students
nicknamed Crocodile Rutherford.
In 1931,
the "Crocodile" procured 15,000 pounds sterling for the construction
of buildings and equipment of a special laboratory for Kapitza. In February,
1933 in Cambridge, the grand opening of the laboratory. On the front wall 2 -
storey building was carved on the stone is huge, covering the entire wall
crocodile. He was commissioned by the Kapitza made famous sculptor Eric Gill.
Rutherford, he explained that this is it. Opened the front door key in the form
of gilded crocodile.
Rutherford,
who discovered the atomic nucleus, negative comments about the prospects for
nuclear energy: "Anyone who hopes that the conversion of atomic nuclei
will be a source of energy, professes nonsense"
When Peter
Kapitza in Cambridge came to work for Rutherford, he told him that the state
lab is staffed. Then Kapitza asked
- What you
allow a margin of error in experiments?
- Usually about 3%
- How many people work in the lab?
- Then a man
is about 3% of 30
Rutherford laughed and took Kapitza as a
"permissible error."
Great-grandson
of Ernest Rutherford - Michael Rutherford - known for its participation in the
prog-rock band Genesis and his band Mike & the Mechanics.
Opening of
Rutherford led to a new branch of science: the study of the atomic nucleus. In
this area, Rutherford, too, was destined to become a pioneer. In 1919 he
succeeded in the transformation of nitrogen in the oxygen nucleus, firing the
first fast-moving alpha particles. It was an achievement of the ancient
alchemists dreamed.
It soon became clear that the nuclear
transformation can be a source of solar energy. Moreover, the transformation of
atomic nuclei is a key process in the atomic weapons and nuclear power plants.
Consequently, the discovery of Rutherford is much more interesting than just
academic.
Rutherford's face continually struck by all
who met him. He was a stocky man with a loud voice, boundless energy and a
noticeable lack of modesty. When a colleague mentioned Rutherford's uncanny
ability to always be "on the crest of a wave" of research, he
immediately replied: "Why not? 'It was I who caused a wave, is not
it?" Few scientists would argue against this assertion.
Ernest Rutherford is considered the largest
experimental physicists of the twentieth century. It is the central figure in
our knowledge in the field of radioactivity, and the man who laid the
foundation of nuclear physics. In addition to his great theoretical
significance of his discoveries were a wide range of applications, including:
nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, radioactive calculus and the study of
radiation. The influence of the works of Rutherford on the world is enormous.
It continues to grow and seems to have increased in the future. In 1908 the
scientist awarded the Nobel Prize for studies of various types of
radioactivity.
Worried
about the policy pursued by the Nazi government of Adolf Hitler, Rutherford in
1933 became president of the Academic Board of care, which was created to
assist those who fled from Germany.
Almost
until the end of his life he was noted for good health and died in Cambridge,
October 20, 1937 after a brief illness. In recognition of outstanding
achievements in science scholar was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Словарь
Concerned обеспокоенный
Receiving получение
Showed Показан
Putting положить
Scattering рассеяние
Particles частиц
Concluded вывод
Existence существование
Nucleus ядро
Decay
распад
Heavy тяжелый
Subsequent последующий
Explained объяснены
Achievements достижения
Outstanding выдающийся Проект Киргинцева Евгения:
MICHAEL FARADAY
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(22 September
1791 – 25 August 1867)
Was
an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher,
in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
Although
Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher mathematics
such as calculus, he was one of the most influential scientists in
history; historians of science refer to him as having been the
best experimentalist in the history of
science
HIS EARLY YEARS
Faraday
was born in the family of a blacksmith. He had an elder brother Robert who
supported Michael in his interests in sciences. The young Michael Faraday, who
was the third of four children, having only the most basic school education,
had to educate himself. He read many
books, including Isaac Watts' The Improvement of the Mind,
and developed an interest in science, especially in electricity. Faraday was
particularly inspired by the book Conversations on Chemistry by Jane Marcet.
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In 1812, at
the age of twenty, and at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended
lectures by the eminent English chemist Humphry Davy of the Royal Institution.
Faraday subsequently sent Davy a three hundred page book based on notes that he
had taken during these lectures. Sir Humphry Davy appointed Faraday as Chemical Assistant at
the Royal Institution on 1 March 1813. Faraday's earliest chemical work was as
an assistant to Davy.
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Faraday
discovered benzene,
investigated the clathrate hydrate of
chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and
the system of oxidation
numbers, and popularised terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.
Scientific
achievements
Faraday
was the first Fullerian Professor
of Chemistry at the Royal
Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for
life.
Faraday
is best known for his work regarding electricity and magnetism. One of
Faraday's 1831 experiments demonstrating induction. The liquid battery sends
an electric current through the small coil . When it is moved in or out of
the large coil , its magnetic field induces a momentary voltage in the
coil, which is detected by the galvanometer ..
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Faraday
established that magnetism could
affect rays of light and
that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He
similarly discovered the principle of electromagnetic
induction, diamagnetism,
and the laws of
electrolysis. His inventions of
electromagnetic rotary
devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was
largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable
for use in technology.
Later life
As a respected scientist in a nation with
strong maritime interests, Faraday spent extensive amounts of time on projects
such as the construction and operation of light houses and
protecting the bottoms of ships from corrosion.
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In June 1832, the University of Oxford
granted Faraday a Doctor of Civil Law degree (honorary). During his lifetime,
Faraday rejected a knighthood and
twice refused to become President of
the Royal Society
Faraday died at his house at Hampton Court in 1867 aged 75 years.
A statue of Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside the Institution of Engineering and Technology.
Literature:
1.
«English topics», Kisunko E.I., 2006
2. «Britain and
Britains» Solovyeva,
2000
vocabulary:
fields
поля
calculus
исчесление
influential
влиятельный
electric
электрический
statue статуя
construction
конструированный
education
образование
